Federal student loans in the United States are authorized under Title IV of the Higher Education Act as amended.
The first type are loans made directly to the student. These loans are available to college and university students and are used to supplement personal and family resources, scholarships, grants and work-study. They may be subsidized by the U.S. Government, or may be unsubsidized depending on the student's financial need.
Both subsidized and unsubsidized loans are guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Education either directly or through guarantee agencies. Nearly all students are eligible to receive them (regardless of credit score or other financial issues). Both types offer a grace period of 6 months, which means that no payments are due until 6 months after graduation, or 3 months after the borrower becomes a less-than-full-time student without graduating. Both types have a fairly modest annual limit regardless of the student's actual cost of education. The present limit in January 2006 is $2,800 per year.
Subsidized Federal student loans are offered to students with a demonstrated financial need: generally requiring a low family income. For these loans, the federal government makes interest payments while the student is in college. For example, those who borrow $10,000 during college will owe $10,000 upon graduation.
Unsubsidized federal student loans are also guaranteed by the U.S. Government, but the government does not pay interest for the student, rather the interest accrues during college. or example, those who have borrowed $10,000 and had $2,000 accrue in interest will owe $12,000. Interest will begin accruing on the $12,000. Those who borrow $10,000 during college will owe $10,000 PLUS INTEREST upon graduation. The accrued interest will be "capitalized" into the loan amount, and the borrower will begin making payments on the accumulated total. Students can also choose to pay the interest while still in college.
Federal student loans for students of medicine have higher limits, $8,500 for subsidized Stafford and $30,000 maximum for unsubsidized Stafford. Many students also take advantage of the unsubsidized Perkins loan. For medical students the limit for Perkins is $6,000.